Research data, latest achievements, and statistics on e-mobility development

Being an eMobility leader in various projects across multiple startups, Piotr was responsible for OCPI and OCPP integration as well as EMP and CPO platforms development. With extensive expertise in the open standards field and eMobility tech solutions, he is leading teams of experienced developers and contributing with invaluable knowledge and experience.

Piotr Majcher

Mobility is transforming. As cities worldwide push toward cleaner, smarter transportation systems, 

, have emerged as foundational paradigms in future mobility ecosystems. eMaaS integrates electric vehicles (EVs), digital infrastructure, and multimodal services into a seamless, sustainable offering. This article explores the dense, evolving landscape of 

, focusing on technology, infrastructure, business models, and market trends as of 2025.

Environmentally friendly travel via electric vehicles

Interconnected services that span car sharing, public transport, and EV charging

Unified platforms supporting both real-time access and payment

MaaS provides the digital and structural backbone, while EMS delivers the hardware and infrastructure. Together, they enable SEMS such as electric scooters, e-bikes, or car-sharing fleets.

: drivers, commuters, logistics providers

: integrators offering app-based access to services

More than 70% of the global population is projected to live in cities by 2050. To combat pollution and congestion, governments implement regulations and incentives to promote e-mobility.

2. EV adoption and infrastructure expansion

Global EV sales are expected to exceed 30 million annually by 2030. The supporting infrastructure - fast chargers, smart grids, and roaming networks has grown by over 400% since 2020.

Digital natives expect instant, seamless, app-based access to multimodal transport. User-centricity is no longer optional; it's foundational.

Technology backbone of e-Mobility as a Service

The growth of eMobility depends heavily on open, interoperable protocols that ensure devices, platforms, and networks communicate seamlessly. In 2025, several mature standards are critical to enabling effective ecosystem operations:

OCPP has evolved into the global benchmark for communication between EV charging stations and central systems. Supported by the Open Charge Alliance (OCA), OCPP 2.0.1 includes:

Enhanced security features (e.g., secure firmware updates, authentication)

Support for smart charging and load management

Device management functionalities to remotely monitor, configure, and update chargers

Real-time data exchange to optimize network performance and uptime

The protocol’s vendor-neutral design promotes flexibility, allowing charge point operators (CPOs) to mix and match hardware and software without vendor lock-in.

OCPI facilitates interoperability between CPOs and eMobility Service Providers (eMSPs). It supports:

e-Roaming by enabling cross-platform user identification and authorization

Remote control of charging sessions (e.g., start/stop commands)

Standardized Charge Detail Records (CDRs) for billing reconciliation

Real-time pricing and location data for user interfaces

OCPI enables scalable growth across borders and partners, forming the backbone of 

 capabilities, allowing drivers to start charging simply by plugging in their vehicle. Key components include:

Bi-directional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communication

Public key infrastructure (PKI) for secure data exchange

ISO 15118 improves the user experience by removing RFID cards, apps, or QR codes, and supports seamless automated billing.

These protocols ensure that e-mobility networks are scalable, secure, and user-friendly. As EV adoption grows and roaming becomes the norm, adherence to open standards is critical for long-term market interoperability and customer satisfaction.

Smart charging has become the basis of efficient energy use in the e-mobility ecosystem. Modern smart charging platforms:

Connect EVs, grid operators, and charge point operators in real time

Integrate dynamic load balancing to avoid overloading local grids

Optimize charging based on energy pricing, time-of-use tariffs, and renewable energy availability

Enable demand response by shifting energy usage to off-peak periods or in response to grid signals

 systems, which allow electric vehicles to consume electricity and return it to the grid. V2G platforms:

Support bidirectional energy flow between EVs and the grid

Provide grid balancing, frequency regulation, and emergency power

Offer financial incentives to EV owners who participate in energy markets

As V2G monetization models mature, they are increasingly integrated into residential, commercial, and fleet operations, offering a new revenue stream for asset owners and reducing dependency on stationary battery storage.

 is critical to the expansion of e-mobility as a service. By 2025, the average battery electric vehicle (BEV) delivers 350-400 km per charge, enabled by continuous advancements in battery chemistry and design.

: Li-ion batteries are widely adopted due to their high reliability and rechargeability. Manufacturers are enhancing performance through new chemistries like NMC and LFP.

: Featuring solid electrolytes, these batteries offer higher energy density, ultra-fast charging (<15 minutes), and improved safety, key for scaling e-mobility solutions.

: Known for shorter charge cycles and greater recyclability, aluminum-ion batteries show promise for lightweight 

: With 5x the energy density of Li-ion, these are ideal for long-range 

: Lightweight and powerful, but hindered by rechargeability issues. Research continues toward viability for long-distance EVs.

Battery cost, lifecycle & SALD technology

Battery costs have plummeted, reaching near $100/kWh, making emobility cost-competitive.

: Repurposed EV batteries now power stationary storage systems, adding value and extending lifespan.

: An evolution in e-mobility innovation, these nano-coated lithium-ion batteries promise >1,000 km range and sub-10-minute charging. Commercial rollout is expected by 2027.

: With EU battery directives and leaders like Fortum and Northvolt, circular battery ecosystems are now integral to sustainable emobility platforms.

Battery innovation is foundational to scaling mobility as a service. High-density, fast-charging, and recyclable solutions are unlocking the full potential of the eMobility as a Service (eMaaS) ecosystem.

The success of eMobility as a Service hinges on flexible, user-centric business models. From pay-per-use systems to subscription-based access and dynamic 

, these models are designed to adapt to diverse user needs while maximizing accessibility, scalability, and profitability across the e-mobility ecosystem.

EVs can be picked up and dropped off anywhere within defined zones. Providers like Zity and ShareNow thrive in high-density areas.

The traditional model is where vehicles must be returned to a fixed location. Ideal for regional use and longer rentals.

Privately-owned EVs are rented through platforms like Getaround. This model democratizes mobility access and enhances fleet diversity.

: Monthly packages tailored for families, commuters, or businesses

: Unified ticketing and payment across multiple modes

EV Charging Technologies and Infrastructure

 is essential to scale eMobility as a Service. The evolution of 

 focuses on speed, flexibility, and grid integration, meeting the demands of modern urban e-mobility users.

They enable two-way energy flow. These EV charging stations support both charging (AC to DC) and discharging energy back to the grid or a building (V2G, V2H), optimizing energy use.

Vehicles can charge wirelessly by parking over ground-installed pads, much like smartphone chargers but with much higher energy transfer. Startups like ELIX are advancing park-and-charge EV technology for urban use.

Designed to replicate the refueling experience, these EV charging stations can power a vehicle in 20–60 minutes. Leading providers like Tesla, ChargePoint, and EVBox are pushing toward the <10-minute benchmark, although this requires advanced thermal management.

Mobile charging systems, like SparkCharge, function as EV power banks, delivering 60–75 miles of range per stack—ideal for roadside and emergency charging.

Providers such as ZUMO offer full-service overnight charging by collecting and returning vehicles, addressing the needs of EV owners without home charging access in dense cities.

Implemented in pilot programs in Sweden, Italy, and Germany, this technology powers vehicles while in motion using coils embedded under the road surface, bridging gaps in static charging coverage.

These systems connect EVs, users, and the grid through a centralized platform. 

 stations optimize electricity use based on pricing, grid load, and user preferences. They support demand response, power-sharing, and remote session management. Solutions like Wallbox are now standard in homes, condominiums, and workplaces.

Discover how eMobility as a Service (eMaaS) is transforming transport in 2025 through smart charging, EV platforms, and seamless digital mobility.

How eMobility as a Service Shapes Sustainable Mobility Trends in 2025

See how AI can enhance security for CPMS and prevent fraudulent behaviours.

Krzysztof is our Head of Products and he leads the technical development behind the suite of our ready-made solutions. Throughout the years in Solidstudio, he gained an invaluable insight into the eMobilty industry’s requirements and is now more than qualified to share his knowledge with others.

Krzysztof Ciombor

EV charging networks are on a growth spurt. Utilities are acquiring local Charging Point Operators, well‑funded start‑ups are installing stations as fast as they can, and energy & fuel giants are merging their businesses with EV charging. With each expansion come more chargers, roaming agreements and tariff rules than any manual team can track. When millions of sessions hit the back office every month, even a small oversight can leave room for card cloning, unpaid sessions or other costly frauds.

That’s where artificial intelligence comes in. AI already helps banks catch suspicious transactions and logistics firms route trucks more efficiently; bringing the same real‑time smarts to eMobility is the logical next step. Being a relatively fresh industry, from the get-go running on innovation, eMobility is very digital-oriented, so letting algorithms guard the charge isn’t futuristic - it’s simply good business. Operators that embed AI today can grow with confidence, protect revenue and give drivers a charging experience they can trust.

Every undetected fraudulent session is lost revenue, eroded customer trust and an operational distraction. Worse, fraudulent data skews the analytics you rely on for pricing and capacity planning. Early adopters report that just a handful of cloned RFID cards can generate thousands of euros in losses each month if left unchecked.

Five Ways an Intelligent Fraud‑Detection Module Pays for Itself

 – Detects cloned cards, overlapping sessions and payment loopholes before they impact the ledger.

 – Continuous monitoring reassures legitimate drivers that their charging history and payments are safe.

 – Automated alerts replace time‑consuming manual log reviews so staff can focus on remediation instead of search.

 – Statistical analyses spotlight unusual consumption patterns that inform tariff design and infrastructure upgrades.

 – Modular detectors let you prioritise the fraud scenarios that hurt your margins the most today, and extend later as threats evolve.

 flagged a single RFID card that appeared to travel 68.7 km in just 90 seconds— clocking an impossible 2,812 km/h— operators knew something was amiss. The card was simultaneously used at two distant stations, revealing a classic cloning attack. By catching the anomaly in real time, the CPO halted further abuse and cancelled the fraudulent token before any significant revenue leaked.

The module exposes a clean, paginated REST interface while its async engine crunches live session data. A 

 architecture means each fraud scenario lives in its own component, making it trivial to plug in new models.

The system incorporates multiple specialized ML-powered detectors.

Built on precise Haversine‑distance calculations, this engine reconciles charger coordinates and session timestamps to spot 

. If a single RFID token appears hundreds of kilometres apart within minutes—or starts two sessions at once—the detector raises an instant alert and supplies the computed speed or overlap so operators can act with confidence.

 techniques, this component learns the normal duration, energy draw and start‑time for every driver, vehicle class and station. When behaviour veers outside adaptive thresholds, the detector highlights the outlier while suppressing false positives caused by legitimate variability such as seasonality or special tariffs.

Treating each token’s usage as a time‑series data, the predictive layer forecasts upcoming session patterns and flags sudden spikes, droughts or unusual sequences that could signal card farming, coordinated abuse or even hardware faults.

Turning Anomalies into Strategic Insights

Because every alert is stored with rich metadata, the same data lake that stops fraud doubles as a goldmine for product teams. You can spot under‑utilised stations, test dynamic pricing or even forecast peak demand before it hits.

Fraud in EV charging is more than a nuisance; it’s a direct threat to profitability and brand credibility. AI‑powered detection turns the tide by catching bad actors in real time, slashing manual workloads and surfacing insights that drive smarter business decisions.

How AI Secures EV Charging Networks and Prevents Fraud

Learn how to stay AFIR-compliant with direct payments for EV chargers ready for EU regulations. 

Experienced content writer with over 6 years of experience in the energy sector and many industry-related publications released.

Gabriela Stawiarska

The EU’s green transition is no longer just a buzzword, it’s a full-throttle movement. Among the most transformative regulations driving this shift is the 

Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR)

, setting binding infrastructure targets for the entire EU.

This isn’t just a policy update. AFIR fundamentally redefines the mobility sector, affecting everyone from transport ministries and city planners to Charge Point Operators (CPOs) and clean-tech startups.

AFIR (Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation) is a European Union regulation that sets binding requirements for the deployment, accessibility, and functionality of alternative fuel infrastructure, such as EV charging and hydrogen refuelling, across all EU member states.

AFIR (Regulation (EU) 2023/1804) replaces the former Directive 2014/94/EU, shifting from a directive, which allowed each country to interpret and implement the rules individually, to a regulation that is directly and uniformly applicable across all EU Member States. This change eliminates inconsistencies and ensures a more harmonized rollout of clean transport infrastructure throughout the continent.

Deploy minimum recharging stations for electric vehicles and hydrogen refuelling stations along the TEN-T core and comprehensive networks.

Standardize the user experience, including ad hoc payment options and clear, transparent pricing.

Promote interoperability and real-time availability of data for all publicly accessible recharging stations.

Ensure that all EV chargers are digitally connected and support smart charging capabilities.

By accelerating the adoption of alternative fuel, think electricity, hydrogen, and low-carbon fuels, AFIR is a cornerstone of the EU’s goal to hit climate neutrality by 2050.

From EV charger with payment terminal manufacturers to smart-grid integrators, AFIR is a growth engine. It fosters infrastructure investment, sparks innovation, and opens new doors across the entire mobility sector.

AFIR ensures a consistent user experience—wherever you go. Whether it’s enabling 

, or unifying access across networks, EV drivers will finally get the frictionless experience they’ve been waiting for.

What AFIR means for Charge Point Operators

If you’re a CPO, this one’s for you. AFIR sets out a clear rulebook to ensure that the growing network of EV infrastructure is not only widespread but usable.

No more app-only or subscription-only access. 

CPOs must now offer accessible payment solutions

Chargers ≥50 kW must have a payment terminal accepting common debit and credit cards.

Chargers <50 kW can use secure alternatives like QR code-based ad hoc payment systems.

All prices must be easy to spot and understand. That includes:

Integrated with real-time availability and price data

Open for navigation apps and platform access

All infrastructure must support smart charging and load balancing. That means CPOs need to think ahead; your grid-friendly tech needs to be ready for tomorrow’s demand today.

What does “Fair” look like under AFIR?

AFIR is more than infrastructure. It’s about 

: From cross-border drivers to weekend warriors, everyone gets the same experience, no matter their provider.

: Hidden fees? Gone. App-only access? Not anymore. 

: While high-traffic corridors get heavy investment, AFIR also mandates coverage for lower-demand regions, creating a truly inclusive network.

The Bigger Picture Behind AFIR: Understanding Fit for 55

To really grasp what AFIR is about, it helps to see where it fits within the broader climate agenda. AFIR is part of a wider initiative known as 

, a comprehensive strategy designed to help the European Union reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 

This package was developed with input from lawmakers and industry, aiming to align climate goals with economic competitiveness. It sets clear ground rules for businesses and policymakers across the continent, encouraging sustainable growth while positioning the EU as a global leader in climate action.

Fit for 55 includes a range of interconnected policies. Each one tackles a specific piece of the green transition puzzle:

 ETS is a market-based mechanism that has helped cut emissions in power generation and heavy industry by over 40% since 2005. By putting a price on carbon, it incentivizes more efficient and cleaner operations.

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM):

 CBAM helps prevent companies from outsourcing emissions by imposing a carbon price on imported goods. It ensures that efforts within the EU are not undermined by high-emission imports and aligns with international trade rules.

Member states’ emissions reduction targets:

 The Effort Sharing Regulation assigns annual emission limits to sectors not covered by ETS, such as buildings, road transport, and agriculture. This helps maintain accountability at the national level.

Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF): 

The EU targets at least 310 million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent in net removals by 2030 through better forest management and sustainable land use. Each Member State has a tailored contribution to reach this target.

CO₂ emission standards for cars and vans: 

The proposal aims to cut vehicle emissions to zero by 2035. That means all new cars and vans sold in the EU will have to be fully electric or use other zero-emission technologies.

 As part of the EU Methane Strategy and the Global Methane Pledge, this policy focuses on improving tracking and reducing methane emissions by 30%, a critical step in tackling short-term climate impacts.

 The FuelEU Maritime initiative aims to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of maritime fuels by up to 75% over the next 30 years. This effort seeks to move the shipping industry away from its reliance on fossil fuels.

Alternative Fuels Infrastructure (AFIR): 

And finally, AFIR ties the entire transition to what’s happening on the ground. It ensures that the infrastructure for 

, such as electric and hydrogen charging stations, is in place across Europe to support cleaner transport.

The clock is ticking, and for many, it already has.

The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) is well underway. Here's what has already taken effect and what's still coming:

All public EV charging points in the EU must support 

 with clear pricing - no subscriptions, no pre-registration.

Solidstudio's solution was built to meet these requirements from day one.

By end of 2025: Infrastructure density requirements (underway)

AFIR mandates a baseline of charging and refueling coverage across key EU transport corridors:

: Public charging stations must be installed 

National plans are being reviewed and enforced. Non-compliance risks fines and public funding restrictions.

Several high-impact infrastructure goals remain on the horizon:

: Comprehensive EV charging coverage across the TEN-T core and comprehensive networks for heavy-duty vehicles.

 (e.g., ground power units, pre-conditioned air).

 and require flexible, future-proof payment systems.

 as pressure mounts from regulators, funding bodies, and competitive networks.

Don’t wait for 2030. Future-proof your payment and compliance systems today.

Ready to get AFIR-compliant? Let’s build smarter infrastructure together

AFIR sets a new baseline for EV infrastructure, and Solidstudio is here to help you rise above it.

 is tailor-made for Charge Point Operators who need to comply with ad hoc payment requirements fast, without the licensing headaches. It’s a 

 that enables secure, on-the-spot payments via card or QR code - 

But this isn’t just a compliance patch.

 to meet AFIR payment obligations instantly

 with value-added features like promotional coupons, multilingual receipts, or flexible pricing

 or planning your next deployment, our solution gives you a fast, reliable way to 

stay compliant, enhance driver experience, and scale confidently

 and make your infrastructure truly AFIR-ready.

Learn how to stay AFIR-compliant with digital direct payments for EV chargers: secure, seamless, and ready for EU regulations. 

What AFIR Means for eMobility and EV Charging

Challenges & opportunities for EV charging network development

After founding Solidstudio, Pawel was an originator in terms of pursuing expertise in eMobility. With the build-up of a solid knowledge-base on industry’s needs & wants, he now keeps a close eye on products’ development. He’s also hugely responsible for the business’ side and designs the business models for our products.

Paweł Małkowiak

Electric vehicles, much like any other industry, have come a long way. With the first-ever electricity-powered automobiles constructed back in 1830, all the way to Tesla becoming a global giant, the EV market has noted a revolutionary headway.

Despite the major milestone, the e-mobility industry still faces challenges that may not be overcome for yet another solid bit of time. Insofar as the transportation industry can be easily dubbed as one of the most advanced, the e-mobility sector itself still has a lot of work to put in, mostly in terms of infrastructure.

As much as developing long-range EVs with rechargeable batteries is quite a task to get a grip on, the charging network is what holds back the mass adoption worldwide. Although seemingly perceivable as a straightforward action of intensifying large-scale installations of EV charging points across the nations, the issue is a lot more multi-dimensional. Namely, a few solid charging-oriented companies that are ready to manufacture and install charging stations are not enough.

Behind the mass adoption, there are many interconnected elements

, such as: governmental support through the implementation of various pro-electric policies and incentives i.e. in the form of tax reductions, progressive software development allowing for more user-friendly operation of charging stations, infrastructural changes backed up by local authorities, or simply extending people’s knowledge and awareness about environmental degradation the combustion engines cause and many more.

It goes without saying that developing a global network that would allow EV users to seamlessly travel from one place to another takes a large amount of workload and time. Even though there is still plenty of work ahead, some major milestones and discoveries are already taking place.

In this article, we want to give you some

 insights into the EV network’s development and its current state around the world

Let’s go through the main types of charging stations first.

Being the fastest way to charge an EV, the rapid charging stations are usually located along motorways and close to main roads. They come in handy en route, especially during lengthy rides. Depending on the car’s brand, the capacity of such charges can reach even an 80% charge within 20-30 minutes while at 50+kW.

Fast charging stations, possibly the most common ones, are usually installed in business districts, offices, major car parks, and urban areas where it’s usual to leave the car for approximately an hour. Their charging capacity oscillates at 1- 2 hours when at 22kW (most popular one).

Slow charging stations - known for being the most commonly used as home-chargers, rated up to 3kW. They are typically used for overnight charging, but are occasionally found in offices where employees can charge their vehicles while at work. They take between 6-10 hours to fully charge the car.

Importantly, we can differentiate more subtypes, especially among the rapid chargers. With charging being one of the main focuses of the entire industry, brands keep on developing highly efficient and very fast stations. That includes the UltraRapid DC, which provides power at 100kW, or Tesla’s Supercharger, which can charge up to 150kW.

It is most likely that the e-mobility future will be dominated by slow and fast charging stations due to their convenience and low-cost electricity. Although it doesn’t change the fact that rapid chargers are the ones that will eventually alleviate the range anxiety and might be the most prominent way of charging for branches such as taxis or buses.

Electric vehicle infrastructure doesn’t fail to grow and evolve. Yet, it’s somehow fallen into a vicious cycle of “there will be more charging stations when people buy more electric vehicles” vs “people will buy more electric vehicles when there are more available charging stations”.

Nevertheless, despite these nuances, the infrastructure has been doing well in recent years. According to the most recent numerical data, as of 2023, there were almost 31 million chargers worldwide (27 million private, light-duty vehicle slow chargers in homes, multi-dwelling buildings, and workplaces).

In terms of public charging points, which hold a 12.6% share in the overall number, their number increased by 

% year on year. This figure exceeded even the electric light-duty vehicle stock growth. Such impressive expansion naturally has a lot to do with various policies advocating for EV adoption.

Although the figures look very promising, the distribution of ownership across the globe may be considered a drawback. Nearly 61% of all privately owned charging stations are located in two countries only. These are some major countries with large numbers of citizens, but still, it shows well how EV charging networks are falling behind in some areas of the globe.

A revolutionary road to the next big step progressing EV charging network development. What's next?

Let’s read our posts

How eMobility as a Service Shapes Sustainable Mobility Trends in 2025

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