Download our biggest industry publication and uncover eMobility nuances with our ebook.

After founding Solidstudio, Pawel was an originator in terms of pursuing expertise in eMobility. With the build-up of a solid knowledge-base on industry’s needs & wants, he now keeps a close eye on products’ development. He’s also hugely responsible for the business’ side and designs the business models for our products.

Paweł Małkowiak

At Solidstudio, we’ve been on the eMobility journey for almost 5 years now and one thing we can for sure say about it, is that it was extremely knowledge-accumulating.

From business to tech, all industry aspects whether it’s the pricing structure and stakeholders mapping, all the way to technicalities and features of eMobility-based software, we’ve been through an in-depth practice. Having experienced that, we also know how difficult it may get at first to grasp the hold of the industry and its different branches

With that in mind, we decided to gather years worth of publications from our experts and put them altogether in one comprehensive piece covering various aspects of the EV industry.

Our comprehensive new ebook is a must-read for everyone looking to get up close and personal with the electric vehicle industry. From experienced electric mobility professionals wishing to standardize their knowledge, right through to those who are just starting out in the sector - this book has something for all!

The ebook sets aside 7 chapters that are broken up into smaller parts covering more specific details. All kicked off by a comprehensive glossary, it leads its reader through eMobility one aspect at a time.

The chapter covers a few words about where it all started and how it's currently going with EVs around the world. Given, EVs have come a long way since the first model was introduced in 1884, it’s worth noting how today EVs are becoming increasingly popular around the world - from China to Europe and America.

Electric car charging has become one of the hottest topics surrounding EVs, and consequently a major source of confusion for many potential buyers. Although significant gaps in infrastructure exist worldwide, there are still plenty of charge point operators fighting to prove that these green technologies bring great value despite any skeptics attempting to discredit them. In the chapter, we elaborate on matters such as:

Interoperability: open standards and eRoaming hubs

Navigating the world of eMobility can be a complex undertaking. In our third chapter, we investigate how eRoaming and open standards serve as vital connectors between Charging Point Operators, EV Drivers and more - bridging multi-dimensional gaps enabling better access to charging infrastructure for all. We take an in-depth look at what each hub offers along with the key functionalities behind these powerful tools that simplify universal connection across many networks. In the ebook, we touch upon:

Structure of the industry - pricing and stakeholders

There are many different units, regulations or even location-based factors that impact the tariffs, payment methods and billing systems. In the chapter we aim to shed light on the stakeholders that come into play (Charge Point Operator, eMobility Service Provider, Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Manufacturer) and the financial liabilities between them.

eMobility vs environment - the ecological aspects

Electric vehicles are driving global environmental transformation. As government incentives propel their mass adoption, this chapter seeks to explore the full extent of all that EVs bring to our planet – from reduced air pollution and energy conservation, through arguably more sustainable infrastructure investments, up until detailing what really makes electric cars greener than traditional ones.

Governmental incentives and initiatives advocating the mass EV adoption

The impact of electric vehicles on the environment is one of the most fundamental and widely discussed topics related to eMobility. It’s also the primary inducement of the broadly-promoted mass adoption and various governmental undertakings in the pursuit of it. Here, we'll share some of the biggest EV-advocating initiatives.


The book can be downloaded for free from the box on the left side of the page.

eMobility Fundamentals

Get our comprehensive PDF packed with knowledge on eRoaming, hubs and protocols!

Being an eMobility leader in various projects across multiple startups, Piotr was responsible for OCPI and OCPP integration as well as EMP and CPO platforms development. With extensive expertise in the open standards field and eMobility tech solutions, he is leading teams of experienced developers and contributing with invaluable knowledge and experience.

Piotr Majcher

Certainly, roaming is something known to everyone at this point. However, what that has to do with eMobility?

Being a broad term for services allowing for connection outside of the usual network, roaming turns out to be an on-point solution for EV charging. With many players in the eMobility game (i.e. Charging Point Operators, eMobility Service Providers), some type of a connector is a must. Here’s exactly where eRoaming comes into play allowing for multi-dimensional connection between operators and EV drivers.

In short, eRoaming can be established via the use of hubs and protocols. A hub here can be an open platform which, after subscribing, can be used by many operators, who operate on common terms. This all happens in such a way that a certain charging pool introduced to a common hub can then be easily used by clients (EV drivers) of different providers. Such a solution allows electric vehicle users to charge their car across cities/countries with limited hussle.

In order to facilitate such a solution, the hubs developed their own open protocols, which are essentially responsible for the connection. They also define the functionalities of each eRoaming platform.

Amongst the existing hubs, we can differentiate three major ones. They all come with their own open standards and unify hundreds of CPOs and EMPs as well as millions of EV drivers.

The three biggest hubs and their protocols are:

(eMobility Inter-Operation Protocol - eMIP)

Apart from the proprietary protocols coming from hubs, it’s worth mentioning that there's also an independent one - 

Open Charge Point Interface Protocol (OCPI)

. It allows for eRoaming between the hubs as well as peer-to-peer connection.

To learn more about eRoaming, hubs & protocols, their importance and functionality as well as the future of eMobility - take a look at our exclusive paper covering all that needs to be covered on the topic!

eRoaming Hubs explained

Download our paper on Demand Response and learn all about it!

Experienced content writer with over 4 years of experience in the energy sector and many industry-related publications released.

Gabriela Stawiarska

Lately, there has been quite a lot of debate about the capacity of the grid all over the world. With tensions rising, many people are voicing their concerns in terms of the potential grid overburdening. However, while speaking about it, one must remember how complex the whole ecosystem is.

The global energy system is a vast and complex network that supplies energy to homes and businesses across the entire planet. It includes everything from power plants and transmission lines to distribution systems and end-use customers. At the heart of this system is energy management. This is the process of planning, controlling, and optimizing the use of energy resources to meet specific objectives. It involves countless operations making sure that the entirety runs smoothly.

Demand response is one of the technologies involved in grid’s proper operation. 

Per definition, demand response is a change in electricity consumption by consumers to help keep the supply and demand of electricity in balance. This can be done by either reducing or increasing their electricity usage depending on the needs of the grid.

Through demand response, utilities can reduce the need for investment in new generation capacity, as well as improve grid stability and resilience. For consumers, demand response programs can offer financial incentives and other benefits.

The whole technology, however slightly complicated at first glance, brings a whole plethora of benefits for both - energy consumers and the grid itself.

In our downloadable PDF, we shed light on all the important aspects of demand response:

What are the main branches of the energy system?

What’s the role of the grid in the ecosystem?

Examples of demand response in practise (including eMobility solutions)

How does demand response impact the energy system?

All about demand response

See our series on e-mobility fundamentals and learn what's the difference between CPO and EMSP.

Knowing the industry complexity, at Solidstudio, we thought it would be a good idea to launch a series of blog entries on 

. The articles are to shed light on some of the topics that may not necessarily be clear to everyone. 

In the winding paths of e-mobility related topics, there’s a plethora of terms repeatedly popping up. This comes as no surprise given the industry’s specification, known to no other branches. Understanding the involved technologies and market players requires mapping out tons of complex systems, and it’s all followed by a specific terminology.

 itself can be slightly confusing to some. In fact, it's an umbrella term for service providers, service customers, technology suppliers and product manufacturers (including software and hardware) that collectively operate within the electric cars business.

Amongst the multitude of positions, professions and specializations, one of the most frequently appearing are 

Now, what are they and what’s the difference?


In short eMSP is a unit that provides charging services directly to EV drivers and manages the payments for charging sessions. It should be free to say that eMSPs are responsible for the end-user care. They deliver the possibility to locate a charging point, get it to run and finalize the transaction. It’s also up to them to establish the charging network monetization ( payment methods, adequate tariffs and real-time billing) and customer satisfaction, ensuring the best client experience. One can say that eMSP’s are responsible for ensuring that products of CPO’s are ready to be used by EV drivers.

To facilitate the use of charging stations eMSP’s usually operate with apps allowing EV drivers to log and conduct a charging session remotely.


EMSP charging management software. EMSP app


As stated above, eMSP’s main role is to serve the end-users, so naturally the primary software used are the 

 which are downloadable for EV drivers, preferably from the primary software stores and available for both, iOS and Android. They work in such a way that EV drivers can create an account and login with their unique credentials. Once authorization is granted, the EV user can then locate the nearest charging station (oftentimes also be navigated to it) and facilitate the charging session via the app.

In order to run smoothly, such apps require a bunch of functionalities. It must be taken into consideration that it’s a matter of operating an entire pool of charging points that can come from various CPO’s, while in need of providing a complex service covering all customer’s needs.

Amongst the most necessary functionalities of a properly set up eMSP app, we can differentiate:

(login/logout, password reset, T&C’s acceptance, RFID grant and remote token activation)

(charging station search, remote start/stop based on RFID authorization, real-time charging session monitoring)

(card payments, transaction history stored in a secure manner, accountability of adequate taxes, receipt/bill production in real-time)

(easy-to-navigate, intuitive layout, customer service contact info - preferably directly from the app, issue notifications)

(possibility to manage - alter/add/erase end-user and b2b tariffs, reports generation)

(users verification and detailed preview, real-time bugs and malfunctions reporting, close monitoring of charging points, data storage for optimization purposes)

 are responsible for the construction of the charging stations. They are focused on developing and maintaining the charging infrastructure, which includes hardware installation, ensuring proper connectivity of charging points and their service. CPO’s main point of interest is keeping the technicalities up and running and, if needed, reacting to possible malfunctions in real-time. This is specifically important as a vast majority of charging stations should stay available 24/7.

CPO’s also care about the energy management and seamless connectivity to the grid, this includes i.e. energy storing or utilization of renewable sources of energy.

Unlike eMSP apps, CPO Platforms operate more on a backend basis. EV-CPO software is to a great extent responsible for ensuring the entire charging station pool runs seamlessly and with no detected malfunctions. Simultaneously, its job is to report in real-time any possible issues, to then generate a data record allowing for avoiding such problems in the future.

The platform should also stay highly scalable, that is for the potential network expansion and for the possibility of connecting to multiple eMSP’s. It is especially crucial now, as the charging network undergoes possibly the greatest growth in history. Ensuring an easy adoption of new technologies is beyond significant. High-level interoperability and scalability can only be achieved when the CPO platform runs in accordance with widely accepted industry standards. Here is when 

Amongst the most necessary functionalities of a properly set up CPO platform, we can differentiate:

(registration of customers, activation and deactivation of charging stations, remote maintenance)

(rates management, necessary alterations)

(static, dynamic, and renewables, charging profiling, and V2G)

(including individual, group, or enterprise managing)

(for bug fixing, ensured real-time reaction, data storage)

EMSP vs CPO - what’s the difference? In short.

But before that, it has to be mentioned that although there are some principal operational differences, there are a number of companies who combine the roles of EMSP’s and CPO’s, creating an in-depth, profound e-mobility environment. Such undertaking allows for complete fleet management from all sides and is known to be quite efficient and effective.

Nevertheless, below you can see a brief summary of the most prominent differences between eMSP’s and CPO’s.

EMSP’s serve the end-users while CPO’s take care mostly of the charging stations network and their expansion

EMSP can be deemed as the frontend of e-mobility operations while CPO is the backend

CPO’s are to the greater extent responsible for the growth of charging networks, their scalability and interoperability

EMSP’s are more responsible for the satisfaction of EV drivers and their journeys

EMSP’s are ones to deliver the apps to EV users that facilitate the charging, while CPO’s deliver the chargers themselves

EMSP’s software is customer-centric while CPO’s software is more operational

Check out our series of articles on e-mobility fundamentals and learn what's the difference between CPO and EMSP.

eMobility Fundamentals - the eBook

19 APRIL 2023 • 7 MIN READ